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| AFRICABIZ
VOL 1 - ISSUE: 95
MARCH
15 - APRIL 14, 2007
Previous
Issue
Editor: Dr. Bienvenu-Magloire Quenum
Click here for contact & support console
| | A
WORD FROM THE EDITOR
| | |
|
Dear visitor and international investor,
We
warmly welcome you, if this is
your first visit to Africabiz
Online - The ultimate newsletter
on trading and investing in 49
sub-Saharan African countries.
If you are a regular and faithful
reader, welcome back.
- WEBMAIL EMAIL ADDRESSES
CANNOT BE USED FOR BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP
Every day we receive
150 to 250 emails. Four out of five are web-based email
addresses: HotMail, Yahoo, ICQ, Gmail, Netscape, mail.com, AOL and AIM webmails
and so on. Not to mention fake email addresses such as akcnelsnn@eodnckei.cnn.com,
which can be quickly spotted and stop right away from the mail server.
Most of the time, messages based on these webmails and fake domain names,
propose pharmaceuticals, sex enhancing medicine and get-rich-quick
schemes.
Some, however, around 10 to 20 are sent by people enquiring about Dr. Quenum & Associates
services and searching to establish business relationship. Most of the time,
these people do not even provide additional information such as Telephone numbers,
Fax numbers, physical address or eventually URL to their company website. They
make believe that webmail addresses are sufficient to get a reply or open business
relationship with Dr.
Quenum & Associates,
IBC / BusinessAfrica (TM)
We used to reply to them, out of courtesy.
However, we have now reached the conclusion that it is a waste of time as 99
percent of these webmail messages are simply hoaxes dispatched by unscrupulous
people roaming the net for mischief.
Further, even a well established webmail company
such as Yahoo does not accept financial transactions with clients who provide
only Yahoo webmail. You cannot, for instance, buy Yahoo Messenger's PhoneIn
units online, with a credit card, providing only yahoo.com email address. You
should also provide an Internet Service Provider (ISP) based email address or
an email address, which domain name can be traced back to legitimate domain names
database.
Dr. Quenum and Associates, IBC / BusinessAfrica (TM) have decided to follow
Yahoo wise business practice. Therefore, from now on, only email
messages, which domain names can be traced back to legitimate database of domain
names would get replies from Dr. Quenum & Associates,
IBC / BusinessAfrica (TM). For
more on the matter, please visit this link.
The problem of web-based email addresses (webmails) above discussed is linked
to security and privacy surfing and working online and identity theft. Click
following link to read about: How
to Prevent Identity Theft
- SERVICES
AND PRODUCTS FROM Dr. QUENUM & ASSOCIATES / BUSINESSAFRICA (TM)
List of Products and Solutions to trading and investing
in and out emerging nations - and particularly in sub-Saharan African
nations - is here
to review.
We draw your attention to Jobs & Projects'
platform that assists first, project-owners to tender for
the best experts to carry out projects at very competitive costs,
and, second, job-seekers to publish for free Résumés/CV to attract project-owners attention.
The Pay-Per- Click advertisement
platform is also the cheapest way to advertise for your business.
-
Contributor's Guidelines
are here to review. Your
contribution on "How emerging nations
and particularly African countries
/ entrepreneurs could bridge the developing
gap" is welcome. You may visit
Africabiz
Online Interactive to
comment about articles posted in Africabiz
Online.
Many thanks for dropping by and see
you here on April 15, 2007.
Dr.
B.M. Quenum
Editor
of AFRICABIZ
| | |
| BUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICA
| |
-
Several business opportunities - component parts of the Integrated Developing Scheme described in Africans, Stop Being Poor! are listed in following table.
| a-
SHEA BUTTER (5,
6, 7,
11, 12,
13)
b- BLUE GOLD (14,
15, 16,
17, 18,
19)
c- FREEZE-DRIED PAPAIN (20,
21, 22
and here)
d-
KENAF (23,
24)
e- VEGETABLE OIL (25,
26, 27,
28)
f- CEREALS (30,
31, 32,
33)
g- FRUITS (34,
35, 36,
37, 38,
39, 40,
42, 43,
44, 45,
46)
h- ESSENTIAL OILS (47,
48, 49,
50, 51,
52)
i- ROOTS & TUBERS (54,
55, 56,
57, 58,
59, 60,
61, 62,
63, 64)
j-
FOWL BREEDING (66,
67, 68,
69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76)
k- FISH FARMING (78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87)
l- BIOMASS ENERGY (89, 90, 91, 92)
m- SUGAR CANE & PRODUCTS (93,
94, 95,
96, |
|
-
SUGAR CANE & PRODUCTS: PART
III - INTRODUCTION TO SMALL-SCALE SUGAR-CANE JUICE PRODUCTION
The first
issue pertaining to current series outlined the importance of sugar-cane
as Economic
Catalyst to developing. This current delivery
deals with sugar-cane basic processed product resulting from
the crushing of sugar-cane sticks: the sugar-cane juice.
As for any other transformed produce from agricultural raw-materials, the
(gustatory) quality of the juice is related to the
quality of the processed-sticks. High quality sugar-cane sticks (harvested
at the right time in optimum conditions) will yield good juice content with
high sugar levels (up to 20% and above). By contrast, poor quality sugar-cane
sticks - particularly the ones that had been too early harvested, could yield
good juice content, which however has fairly low level of sugar content.
- PRODUCTION
OF SUGAR-CANE JUICE
- Crushing process
Sugar-cane juice production uses a simple technique that is
the crushing of the sticks. However, the technology used to crushing the sticks
have an impact on the quantity of juice extracted (Scroll down for links to
some manufacturers of modern small-scale processing equipment).
Important points
to take into account are:
-
Cane must be crushed within 24 hours of being cut to "save" the quality
of the final product that is cane-sugar. Otherwise, after that crucial
period the primary sugar starts a sugar
inversion process that produces categories of sugars,
which do not crystallize as well as the primary sugar contained
in the fresh juice.
- Crushing efficiency is the most important factor to controlling production's
yields.
For instance, a crusher
driven by a single ox can process around 50kg of sugar-cane per hour,
and an operation driven by a 5HP diesel engine can process six times
more i.e. 300kg per hour of sugar-cane. That shows the efficiency ratio
of a modern crushing
technology Vs a traditional one. |
- Juice
processing
Filtration is required to remove
fibers debris and other solid impurities from the fresh extracted juice. The
filtrated juice can then be sold as fresh beverage. For further processing
to obtaining cane-sugar and by-products, another treatment is required that is
the boiling of the juice.
1- Filtration
Wood ash can be used and is one of the preferred clarificant of
India's small-scale producers.
(Large-scale sugar processors firstly add lime to
the juice in order to coagulate impurities which then settle out, and secondly
add sulphur
dioxide to neutralize the resulting acidity.
[The addition of sodium hydrogen sulphate
components at the end of the boiling process can also coagulate impurities
and lighten the colour of the final product - and increase sulphur content].
2 - Boiling
This is done in large pans over open fires or simple furnaces.
The essential requirement is for clean pans and tools. Sediment
settles to the bottom of the pan during boiling and is dredged out. Scum
rises to the top and is skimmed off. Both of these wastes are good for animal
breeding [(78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87)
and (66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76).]
100kg of boiled fresh juice is reduced to around 20kg of jaggery or gur. The
end point of the boiling process is judged from experience - that is from
the sight and sound of the boiling juice. Small samples can be
removed to see if they set solid when cooled. Technically, this usually
corresponds to a Brix (sugar content) of 90-95%.
After removal from the heat,
the pans of juice are rapidly stirred to incorporate air and trigger
an even crystallization. The cooling juice is then poured into pots or moulds
to set.
4- Tools
Fine woven cloth are used for filtration. Scum can be removed
from the boiling juice by a simple perforated scoop on a long handle. Sediments
are removed by scraping a stretched cloth along the bottom of the pan. Once
the pan has been removed from the heat, a rake is used to stir the
thickened juice.
- LINKS
TO EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
Cleanliness is vital to the whole process above described. Once the juice
has been heated, impurities will speed the 'inversion' of sugar and lead
to reduced yields. All boiling pans and tools need to be thoroughly cleaned
between uses. [Source],
therefore, in order to produce a high quality fresh juice (and other
final products) it is better to use modern equipment, which makes the control
of cleanliness more easier.
Brazil, South Africa and India developed small-scale technology
for sugar-cane crushing into fresh juice and correlative equipment to processing
the juice into cane sugar.
The following link give
an extensive presentation of manufacturers of crushing equipment in Europe,
Asia, South America and Africa. This manufacturer
market a compact sugarcane juice extractor for medium scale operator.
For technology and equipment
from South Africa click here. To have an idea on equipment pricing for
small-scale equipment click
here.
Next delivery (April
15, 2007) will give economics briefs about a small-scale operation to
producing sugarcane
juice.
| MORE
ON SUGAR CANE & PRODUCTS |
1-
Sugar
Cane Industry, The (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography)
by J.H. Galloway (Paperback Sep 23, 2005)
2- The
House Surrounded by Sugar
by Leanna Williams (Paperback - Mar 8, 2006)
3- From
Cane to Sugar (Start to Finish)
by Jill Braithwaite (Hardcover - Aug 2004)
4- Cane
Sugar Handbook: A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and Their Chemists
by James C. P. Chen and Chung Chi Chou (Hardcover - Nov 8, 1993)
5-
Sugar
Cane
by Alex Morgan (Paperback - Aug 28, 2002)
6-
The
Sugar cane factory: A catechism of cane sugar manufacture for the use of beginners
by Frederic I Scard (Unknown Binding - 1913)
7- Sugar
Cane Cultivation and Management
by Henk, Bakker and H., Bakker (Hardcover - Jan 1, 1999)
|
8- Sugar
Cane (Tropical Agriculturalist)
by R. Fauconnier (Paperback - Feb 24, 1993)
9- Management
Accounting for the Sugar Cane Industry (Sugar Sciences, Vol 8)
by A. E. Fok Kam (Hardcover - Mar 1988)
10- The
nature and properties of the sugar cane
With practical directions for the improvement of its cultures, and the
manufacture of its products)
by George Richardson Porter (Unknown Binding - 1831)
11- Sugar-cane
and Sugar Industry in Nigeria
The Bitter Sweet Lessons
by Abdul-latif D. Busari (Paperback - Nov 2005)
12- The
2007-2012 World Outlook for Sugar Cane Mill Products
by Philip M. Parker (Paperback - Oct 13, 2006)
|
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