|
-
Several business opportunities - component parts of the Integrated Developing Scheme described in Africans, Stop Being Poor! are listed in following table.
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1-SHEA BUTTER (5,
6, 7,
11, 12,
13)
2- BLUE GOLD (14,
15, 16,
17, 18,
19)
3- FREEZE-DRIED PAPAIN (20,
21, 22
and here)
4- KENAF (23,
24)
5- VEGETABLE OIL (25,
26, 27,
28)
6- CEREALS (30,
31, 32,
33)
7- FRUITS (34,
35, 36,
37, 38,
39, 40,
42, 43,
44, 45,
46)
8- ESSENTIAL OILS (47,
48, 49,
50, 51,
52)
|
9- ROOTS & TUBERS (54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64)
10- FOWL BREEDING (66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76)
11- FISH FARMING (78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87)
12- BIOMASS ENERGY (89, 90, 91, 92)
13- SUGAR CANE & PRODUCTS (93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99/100, 101, 102,
14- LIVESTOCK (103,
104, 105, |
|
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LIVESTOCK & GAME DEVELOPMENT: PART
II - BASICS ABOUT ANIMAL FEED FORMULATION
For livestock's
definition you may consult previous delivery.
Around
600 million tons of animal feed are produced annually around the world.
And African production of global animal feed (for broilers, layers,
dairy, beef and sheep, pigs, dogs, cats and horses(s breeding) is insignificant
in world's total.
Indeed,
the industry is in its infancy in sub-Saharan African countries (except in
South Africa), and cannot supply the demand. Further, it
is not possible to gather "reliable" stats
about animal feed production in Africa, as animal breeders (primarily poultry/
broilers and layers's breeders) produce, in-house, feed necessary
for their operations, that is not declared to national stats agencies.
 South
African production, however, can be used to estimate
the continent's volume production
Figure at the left side of this paragraph [source]
represents South-Africa's production and production estimate from year 2000
to 2010.
The graphic shows that South African global animal feed production would
be evolving from 7,500,000 tons in year 2000 to about 10,000,000 tons in
2010.
Considering that South Africa's economic output represents roughly
50% of the continent production in all lines of business, one can assume
that the continent animal feed global production would be evolving from 15
million tons (2000) to 20 million tons (2010).
That level of production represents
a mere 2.50% of world production in 2000, Therefore, one can assert
that a huge market exists in African countries to producing compound
feed for cattle,
goats, sheep, swine and poultry's breeding.
Compound
feeds can be complete feeds that provide all the daily required nutrients;
concentrates that provide a part of the ration (protein, energy) or supplements that only provide additional micro-nutrients such as minerals and vitamins.
-
EFFICIENT ANIMAL FEED FORMULATION
In most African
countries, livestock's
sector is controlled and managed by small pastoralists/herders/breeders, who
use traditional pastoral methods and techniques. Herds's feeding depending
on the availability of rain--pastures that become scarce or
are completely scorched and wiped out during drought periods. Therefore,
herdsmen wander from place to place with cattle, searching for grazing pastures.
This practice is not the best way to produce quality meat animals - as
animal lose weight between grazing places -, and also because bloody clashes
often occur with sedentary farmers whose plots are destroyed by wandering animals.
Therefore,
in order to produce quality meat and supply the demand in Africa, and suppress
recurrent social disturbances in rural areas, resulting from clashes between
wandering herders and sedentary farmers, the establishment of animal feed industries
in each single African nation is a necessity.
- By products and Raw materials Suitable for Animal FeedFormulation
Agriculture and agribusiness wastes: hays, leaves (kenaf plant's leaves for example
[23, 24],
roots and tubers's pulp, peels and pellets [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64];
brewery sludge and wastes [30, 31, 32];
essential oil industry wastes (spent residue of pepper, cardamom, ginger and
other seeds to producing essential oils 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52);
cocoa-shell powder, cocoa beans, cereals, banana peels, papaya peels; fruit
industry and vegetable processing wastes: orange peel, spent lemon, orange waste,
potato waste, tomato waste, mango kernel, water-melon seeds, pineapple waste
(leaves and pulp34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46);
mango seed extraction, oil-cakes and oil-meals [25, 26, 27, 28];
coffee waste and extracted tea leaves; blood collected from slaughterhouse [78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87]
- are suitable for animal feed formulation.
- Rules To Efficient Animal Feed Formulation
Above listed by-products and raw-materials are good for animal feed formulation
as long as components parts of the resulting feed, are (1)
energy suppliers, (2) protein providers, (3) fibers sources, (4) fats enhancer
and (5) bypass protein providers.
Bypass proteins are ingredients that control protein degradability
during ruminant
animals digestion process. Bypass or undegradable protein sources can be of plant
or animal origin, and have a crude protein content greater than 20%, with at
least 50% of this protein escaping breakdown in the rumen. Most often, these
ingredients have been specially heat treated or dried. They are most
suitable for the diet of high-producing, early-lactation dairy cows or rapidly
growing starter beef cattle. [Source]
The protein composition (amino
acid profile) and levels of degradable, undegradable and soluble protein fractions
are particularly important. In other words, a balance should be found
between the several components to obtain a feed formulation that provides energy,
proteins and fibres to the animal, taking into account availability and procurement
costs. Of course, each category of animals has its own specificity.
That is cattle feed formulation is different from dairy or swine feed and poultry
breeding feed. In any case, solid feed (pellets) would be preferable to liquids.
At following
link you can buy standard feed formulation to breed cattle, poultry, sheep,
goats, rabbits, horses and swine. In a previous delivery, feed
formulation for pig fattening was exposed.
| MORE
ON LIVESTOCK & GAME DEVELOPMENT |
1-Handbook
of Livestock Management
by Richard A. Battaglia (Paperback - Jul 21, 2006)
2- Raising
Small Livestock:
A Practical Handbook
by Jerome D. Belanger (Paperback - Feb 11, 2005)
3- The
Homesteader's Handbook
to Raising Small Livestock Goats, Chickens, Sheep. Geese, Rabbitts, Hogs, Turkeys,
Guinea Fowl, Ducks and Pigeons
by Jerome D. Belanger (Hardcover - April 1974)
4-
Backyard Livestock:
Raising Good, Natural Food for Your Family, Third Edition by Steven Thomas and
George P. Looby (Paperback - Jan 2, 2007)
5-
Keeping
Livestock Healthy:
A Veterinary Guide to Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Goats & Sheep, 4th Edition
by
N. Bruce Haynes (Paperback - Nov 1, 2001)
6- Alternative
Health Practices for Livestock
by Michael Keilty and Thomas Morris (Hardcover - Jan 1, 2006)
|
7- A
World Dictionary of Livestock Breed
Types, and Varieties
by V. Porter and I. L. Mason (Hardcover - Jun 6, 2002)
8- Livestock
waste facilities handbook
(Paperback - 1985)
9- Raising
Small Livestock:
A Practical Handbook
by Jerome D. Belanger (Paperback - Feb 11, 2005)
10-
Livestock Feeds and Feeding (5th Edition)
(Hardcover - Jun 8, 2001)
by Richard O. Kellems and David C. Church
11- Raising
Game Birds
by Lessiter Publications (Paperback - Jun 1986)
12- Livestock
Production in Unfavourable Economic Environments:
Strategies for Attaining Sustained Competitive Advantage
by P. G. A Jennings
(Hardcover - Mar 30, 2007)
|
Adobe
Acrobat Reader is available here
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agencies,
international development
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